Resilience and opportunistic forwarding: beyond average value analysis

Authors:
Fredrik Bjurefors;Merkourios Karaliopoulos;Christian Rohner;Paul Smith;George Theodoropoulos;Per Gunningberg
Affiliations:
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece;Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Seibersdorf, Austria;National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece;Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Venue:
Proceedings of the 8th ACM MobiCom workshop on Challenged networks
Year:
2013

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Abstract

Opportunistic networks are systems with highly distributed operation, relying on the altruistic cooperation of heterogeneous, and not always software- and hardware-compatible user nodes. Moreover, the absence of central control makes them vulnerable to malicious attacks. In this paper, we take a fresh look at the resilience of opportunistic forwarding to these challenges. In particular, we introduce and promote the use of metric envelopes as a resilience assessment tool. Metric envelopes depart from the standard practice of average value analysis and explicitly account for the differentiated impact that a challenge may have on the forwarding performance due to node heterogeneity (device capabilities, mobility) and attackers' intelligence. The use of metric envelopes is demonstrated in the case of three challenges: jamming, hardware/software failures and incompatibilities, and free-riding phenomena. For each challenge, we first devise heuristics to generate worst- and best-case realization scenarios that can approximate the metric envelopes. Then we derive the envelopes of common performance metrics for three popular forwarding protocols under a comprehensive range of mobility patterns. The metric envelope approach enables more informed choices in opportunistic forwarding whenever network resilience considerations become important.