Goal-directed requirements acquisition
6IWSSD Selected Papers of the Sixth International Workshop on Software Specification and Design
Comparing data modeling formalisms
Communications of the ACM
Guiding Goal Modeling Using Scenarios
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Building Knowledge through Families of Experiments
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Comprehending Object and Process Models: An Empirical Study
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Experimentation in software engineering: an introduction
Experimentation in software engineering: an introduction
Requirements engineering: a roadmap
Proceedings of the Conference on The Future of Software Engineering
The Model Multiplicity Problem: Experimenting with Real-Time Specification Methods
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Towards requirements-driven information systems engineering: the Tropos project
Information Systems - The 13th international conference on advanced information systems engineering (CAiSE*01)
Preliminary guidelines for empirical research in software engineering
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Quality and Understandability of Use Case Models
ECOOP '01 Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming
UML for Agent-Oriented Software Development: The Tropos Proposal
«UML» '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on The Unified Modeling Language, Modeling Languages, Concepts, and Tools
Experience with Goal-Scenario Coupling in Requirements Engineering
RE '99 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering
Introduction to the user requirements notation: learning by example
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking - ITU-T system design languages (SDL)
Modelling strategic relationships for process reengineering
Modelling strategic relationships for process reengineering
Scenario-Based Requirements Engineering
RE '03 Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Requirements Engineering
Tropos: An Agent-Oriented Software Development Methodology
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Goal-Oriented Requirements Enginering: A Roundtrip from Research to Practice
RE '04 Proceedings of the Requirements Engineering Conference, 12th IEEE International
OPM vs. UML—Experimenting with Comprehension and Construction of Web Application Models
Empirical Software Engineering
Empirical comparisons of animation and narration in requirements validation
Requirements Engineering
Unified Modeling Language User Guide, The (2nd Edition) (Addison-Wesley Object Technology Series)
Unified Modeling Language User Guide, The (2nd Edition) (Addison-Wesley Object Technology Series)
An Experimental Investigation of Formality in UML-Based Development
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Data & Knowledge Engineering - Special issue: Quality in conceptual modeling
Complexity and clarity in conceptual modeling: comparison of mandatory and optional properties
Data & Knowledge Engineering - Special issue: Quality in conceptual modeling
Communications of the ACM - Two decades of the language-action perspective
Journal of Systems and Software - Special issue: Quality software
Cognitive fit in requirements modeling: a study of object and process methodologies
Journal of Management Information Systems - Special section: Strategic and competitive information systems
Managing requirements conflicts in software product lines: A goal and scenario based approach
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Understanding Conceptual Schemas: Exploring the Role of Application and IS Domain Knowledge
Information Systems Research
A Framework for Empirical Evaluation of Model Comprehensibility
MISE '07 Proceedings of the International Workshop on Modeling in Software Engineering
Improving the quality of use case descriptions: empirical assessment of writing guidelines
Software Quality Control
The role of replications in Empirical Software Engineering
Empirical Software Engineering
Introduction to Information Retrieval
Introduction to Information Retrieval
Using students as subjects - an empirical evaluation
Proceedings of the Second ACM-IEEE international symposium on Empirical software engineering and measurement
Data Model Comprehension: An Empirical Comparison of ER and UML Class Diagrams
ICPC '08 Proceedings of the 2008 The 16th IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
An empirical study of requirements model understanding: Use Case vs. Tropos models
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
An experimental comparison of ER and UML class diagrams for data modelling
Empirical Software Engineering
Empirical evidence about the UML: a systematic literature review
Software—Practice & Experience
Research Review: A Systematic Literature Review on the Quality of UML Models
Journal of Database Management
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Context: Over the years, several modeling languages for requirements have been proposed. These languages employ different conceptual approaches, including scenario-based and goal-oriented ones. Empirical studies providing evidence about requirements model comprehensibility are rare, especially when addressing languages that belong to different modeling approaches. Objective: This work aims to compare the comprehensibility of requirements models expressed in different but comparable modeling approaches from a requirements analysts' perspective. In particular, in this paper we compare the comprehensibility of requirements models expressed in two visual modeling languages: Use Case, which is scenario-based, and Tropos, which exploits goal-oriented modeling. We further compare the effort required for comprehending the different models, and the derived productivity in each case. Method: Requirements model comprehensibility is measured here in the context of three types of tasks that analysts usually perform, namely mapping between textual description and the model elements, reading and understanding the model irrespectively of the original textual description, and modifying the model. This experimental evaluation has been conducted within a family of controlled experiments aiming at comparing the comprehensibility of Use Case and Tropos requirements models. Three runs of the experiment were performed, including a first experiment and two replications, involving 79 subjects overall (all of which were information systems students). The data for each experiment was separately analyzed, followed by a meta-analysis of the three experiments. Results: The experimental results show that Tropos models seem to be more comprehensible with respect to the three types of requirements analysis tasks, although more time consuming than Use Case models. Conclusions: Measuring model comprehensibility by means of controlled experiments is feasible and provides a basis for comparing Tropos and Use Case models, although these languages belong to different modeling approaches. Specifically, Tropos outperformed Use Case in terms of comprehensibility, but required more effort leading to a similar productivity of the two languages.