Guided tours and tabletops: tools for communicating in a hypertext environment
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)
Scripted documents: a hypermedia path mechanism
HYPERTEXT '89 Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Hypertext
RMM: a methodology for structured hypermedia design
Communications of the ACM
Revisitation patterns in World Wide Web navigation
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Hypertext paths and the World-Wide Web: experiences with Walden's Paths
HYPERTEXT '97 Proceedings of the eighth ACM conference on Hypertext
No longer lost in WWW-based hyperspaces
Proceedings of the tenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and hypermedia : returning to our diverse roots: returning to our diverse roots
Ariadne: a Java-based guided tour system for the World Wide Web
WWW7 Proceedings of the seventh international conference on World Wide Web 7
Adaptability in KDAEHS: an adaptive educational hypermedia system based on structural computing
HYPERTEXT '00 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM on Hypertext and hypermedia
Using information scent to model user information needs and actions and the Web
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A metro map metaphor for guided tours on the Web: the Webvise guided tour system
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on World Wide Web
"Modeling-by-Patterns" of Web Applications
ER '99 Proceedings of the Workshops on Evolution and Change in Data Management, Reverse Engineering in Information Systems, and the World Wide Web and Conceptual Modeling
Processing link structures and linkbases in the web's open world linking
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia
Information Foraging Theory: Adaptive Interaction with Information
Information Foraging Theory: Adaptive Interaction with Information
Aural browsing on-the-go: listening-based back navigation in large web architectures
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Navigating by index and guided tour for fact finding
Proceedings of the 30th ACM international conference on Design of communication
Back navigation shortcuts for screen reader users
Proceedings of the 14th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
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Navigating back and forth from a list of links (index) to its target pages is common on the web, but tethers screen-reader users to unnecessary cognitive and mechanical steps. This problem worsens when indexes lack information scent: cues that enable users to select a link with confidence during fact-finding. This paper investigates how blind users who navigate the web with screen-readers can bypass a scentless index with guided tours: a much simpler browsing pattern that linearly concatenates items of a collection. In a controlled study (N=11) at the Indiana School for the Blind and Visually Impaired (ISBVI), guided tours lowered user's cognitive effort and significantly decreased time-on-task and number of pages visited when compared to an index with poor information scent. Our findings suggest that designers can supplement indexes with guided tours to benefit screen-reader users in a variety of web navigation contexts.