Wayfinding strategies and behaviors in large virtual worlds
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Enabling technology for users with special needs
CHI '94 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Making contact points between text and images
MULTIMEDIA '98 Proceedings of the sixth ACM international conference on Multimedia
The travails of visually impaired web travellers
HYPERTEXT '00 Proceedings of the eleventh ACM on Hypertext and hypermedia
A study of blind drawing practice: creating graphical information without the visual channel
Assets '00 Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Constructing moving pictures eyes-free: an animation tool for the blind
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CD-I Designers Guide
The integrated communication 2 draw (IC2D): a drawing program for the visually impaired
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Sketching images eyes-free: a grid-based dynamic drawing tool for the blind
Proceedings of the fifth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Speech-based cursor control: a study of grid-based solutions
Assets '04 Proceedings of the 6th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Accessibility: a Web engineering approach
WWW '05 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web
Interaction Design: Beyond Human Computer Interaction
Interaction Design: Beyond Human Computer Interaction
A grid-based extension to an assistive multimodal interface
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Data Sonification for Users with Visual Impairment: A Case Study with Georeferenced Data
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Interpreting the layout of web pages
Proceedings of the 20th ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction
Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction
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Accessing Web content including lay out of web pages is currently limited for sight-impaired people. In general, Internet content is designed with sighted users in mind, requiring users without this ability to adapt (Edwards, 1994). The non-visual interaction methods presented by Screen Readers are often serial in nature and laborious. In this paper we introduce the design and evaluation of WebSight, a talking browser that conveys layouts of Web pages for the blind. WebSight is a plug-in for Internet Explorer and employs a universal 3X3 grid-based interface (Kamel, 2002), to assist blind people with visualizing Web content with respect to its absolute and relative positions. Each cell of the grid contains a 3X3 virtual sub-grid with nine unique positions. We conducted an experiment involving six blind and six sighted navigating a layout of a particular webpage. The study reveals that the use of absolute and relative position coupled with a grid-based interface enable blind users to build mental model of page layout at least as well as sighted users. In addition, findings of the study suggest that the grid-based interface is a universal mechanism that enhances the process of building mental models of layout designs.