Tactile-based direct manipulation in GUIs for blind users
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Transforming graphical interfaces into auditory interfaces
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Communicating graphical information to blind users using music: the role of context
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ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS)
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In this paper we describe one method of transforming a mouse-based graphical user interface into a navigable, grid-based auditory interface. We also report the results of an experiment that tested the effectiveness of a drawing tool for the blind called IC2D that uses this interaction style. The experiment included eight visually impaired participants and eight blindfolded sighted participants. The results show that auditory interpretation of graphics is an effective interface technique for visually impaired users. Further, the experiment demonstrates that visually impaired users can develop meaningful drawings when given adequate technological support.