Disco: running commodity operating systems on scalable multiprocessors
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
httperf—a tool for measuring web server performance
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Cellular Disco: resource management using virtual clusters on shared-memory multiprocessors
Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Memory resource management in VMware ESX server
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
When Virtual Is Better Than Real
HOTOS '01 Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems
Xen and the art of virtualization
SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Scalability, fidelity, and containment in the potemkin virtual honeyfarm
Proceedings of the twentieth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
QEMU, a fast and portable dynamic translator
ATEC '05 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
SnowFlock: rapid virtual machine cloning for cloud computing
Proceedings of the 4th ACM European conference on Computer systems
Difference engine: harnessing memory redundancy in virtual machines
Communications of the ACM
Satori: enlightened page sharing
USENIX'09 Proceedings of the 2009 conference on USENIX Annual technical conference
WIOV'08 Proceedings of the First conference on I/O virtualization
XHive: Efficient Cooperative Caching for Virtual Machines
IEEE Transactions on Computers
An Empirical Study on Memory Sharing of Virtual Machines for Server Consolidation
ISPA '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Ninth International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications
An empirical study of memory sharing in virtual machines
USENIX ATC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
CMD: classification-based memory deduplication through page access characteristics
Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
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Limited main memory size is the primary bottleneck for consolidating virtual machines (VMs) on hosting servers. Memory deduplication scanners reduce the memory footprint of VMs by eliminating redundancy. Our approach extends main memory deduplication scanners through Cross Layer I/O-based Hints (XLH) to find and exploit sharing opportunities earlier without raising the deduplication overhead. Prior work on memory scanners has shown great opportunity for memory deduplication. In our analyses, we have confirmed these results; however, we have found memory scanners to work well only for deduplicating fairly static memory pages. Current scanners need a considerable amount of time to detect new sharing opportunities (e.g., 5 min) and therefore do not exploit the full sharing potential. XLH's early detection of sharing opportunities saves more memory by deduplicating otherwise missed short-lived pages and by increasing the time long-lived duplicates remain shared. Compared to I/O-agnostic scanners such as KSM, our benchmarks show that XLH can merge equal pages that stem from the virtual disk image earlier by minutes and is capable of saving up to four times as much memory; e.g., XLH saves 290 MiB vs. 75 MiB of main memory for two VMs with 512 MiB assigned memory each.