Disco: running commodity operating systems on scalable multiprocessors
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Memory resource management in VMware ESX server
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Xen and the art of virtualization
SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Scalability, fidelity, and containment in the potemkin virtual honeyfarm
Proceedings of the twentieth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Memory buddies: exploiting page sharing for smart colocation in virtualized data centers
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
Difference engine: harnessing memory redundancy in virtual machines
OSDI'08 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation
Satori: enlightened page sharing
USENIX'09 Proceedings of the 2009 conference on USENIX Annual technical conference
Sharing-aware algorithms for virtual machine colocation
Proceedings of the twenty-third annual ACM symposium on Parallelism in algorithms and architectures
An Empirical Study on Memory Sharing of Virtual Machines for Server Consolidation
ISPA '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Ninth International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications
Proceedings of the 6th international workshop on Virtualization Technologies in Distributed Computing Date
Singleton: system-wide page deduplication in virtual environments
Proceedings of the 21st international symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing
MiG: efficient migration of desktop VMs using semantic compression
USENIX ATC'13 Proceedings of the 2013 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
XLH: more effective memory deduplication scanners through cross-layer hints
USENIX ATC'13 Proceedings of the 2013 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
CMD: classification-based memory deduplication through page access characteristics
Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
Group-based memory oversubscription for virtualized clouds
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
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Content-based page sharing is a technique often used in virtualized environments to reduce server memory requirements. Many systems have been proposed to capture the benefits of page sharing. However, there have been few analyses of page sharing in general, both considering its real-world utility and typical sources of sharing potential. We provide insight into this issue through an exploration and analysis of memory traces captured from real user machines and controlled virtual machines. First, we observe that absolute sharing levels (excluding zero pages) generally remain under 15%, contrasting with prior work that has often reported savings of 30% or more. Second, we find that sharing within individual machines often accounts for nearly all (90%) of the sharing potential within a set of machines, with inter-machine sharing contributing only a small amount. Moreover, even small differences between machines significantly reduce what little inter-machine sharing might otherwise be possible. Third, we find that OS features like address space layout randomization can further diminish sharing potential. These findings both temper expectations of real-world sharing gains and suggest that sharing efforts may be equally effective if employed within the operating system of a single machine, rather than exclusively targeting groups of virtual machines.