Characterization and measurement of TCP traversal through NATs and firewalls
IMC '05 Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet Measurement
Netalyzr: illuminating the edge network
IMC '10 Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
An untold story of middleboxes in cellular networks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2011 conference
Probe and pray: using UPnP for home network measurements
PAM'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Passive and Active Measurement
Geolocating IP addresses in cellular data networks
PAM'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Passive and Active Measurement
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Middleboxes are an essential part of today's networks since they allow to introduce additional functionality without having to change end-hosts. Network Address Translation (NAT) has been the number one choice for coping with the address depletion problem of IPv4. Although NAT introduces many problems for existing applications it can be found in almost every consumer and mobile network. Large Scale NAT (LSN) is the latest trend in middlebox deployment and plays an important role for the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. LSN may consist of a distributed NAT at the provider or it may include multiple layers of NAT. LSN introduces additional problems for customers since many existing NAT traversal techniques cannot be applied. This paper presents an approach for discovering and measuring stateful cascaded NATs on the path between two arbitrary peers in the Internet. An algorithm combining multiple UDP packets, individual timeouts and traceroute measurements is presented and evaluated in a public field test. Finally, we show how NAT traversal for LSN can be improved by parameterizing existing algorithms according to the detected topology.