NUTSS: a SIP-based approach to UDP and TCP network connectivity
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Future directions in network architecture
Peer-to-peer communication across network address translators
ATEC '05 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
On the feasibility of commercial, legal P2P content distribution
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Diagnosis of TCP overlay connection failures using bayesian networks
Proceedings of the 2006 SIGCOMM workshop on Mining network data
Comprehensive view of a live network coding P2P system
Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Facilitating focused internet measurements
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Smartsockets: solving the connectivity problems in grid computing
Proceedings of the 16th international symposium on High performance distributed computing
An end-middle-end approach to connection establishment
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Personalised ubiquitous file access with XML Web Services
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Universal Execution of Parallel Processes: Penetrating NATs over the Grid
ICCS '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Computational Science, Part II
Evaluation of a comprehensive P2P video-on-demand streaming system
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Matchmaking for online games and other latency-sensitive P2P systems
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2009 conference on Data communication
A programmable network address translator: Design, implementation, and performance
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
IP2P: a peer-to-peer system for mobile devices
IEEE Wireless Communications
DAIS'08 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP WG 6.1 international conference on Distributed applications and interoperable systems
On the applicability of knowledge based NAT-traversal for home networks
NETWORKING'08 Proceedings of the 7th international IFIP-TC6 networking conference on AdHoc and sensor networks, wireless networks, next generation internet
Peer NAT proxies for peer-to-peer games
Proceedings of the 8th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games
A collaborative P2P scheme for NAT Traversal Server discovery based on topological information
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
RapidUpdate: peer-assisted distribution of security content
IPTPS'08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Peer-to-peer systems
A parameter-free load balancing mechanism for P2P networks
IPTPS'08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Peer-to-peer systems
Preventing DDoS attacks on internet servers exploiting P2P systems
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
An experimental study of home gateway characteristics
IMC '10 Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
UDP NAT and firewall puncturing in the wild
NETWORKING'11 Proceedings of the 10th international IFIP TC 6 conference on Networking - Volume Part II
An untold story of middleboxes in cellular networks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2011 conference
Gozar: NAT-friendly peer sampling with one-hop distributed NAT traversal
Proceedings of the 11th IFIP WG 6.1 international conference on Distributed applications and interoperable systems
Usurp: distributed NAT traversal for overlay networks
Proceedings of the 11th IFIP WG 6.1 international conference on Distributed applications and interoperable systems
DTL: dynamic transport library for peer-to-peer applications
ICDCN'12 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Distributed Computing and Networking
Collaborative TCP sequence number inference attack: how to crack sequence number under a second
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Research and design of the firewall penetration technology serving to distributed cloud resource
Proceedings of the 5th Asia-Pacific Symposium on Internetware
Analysis and topology-based traversal of cascaded large scale NATs
Proceedings of the 2013 workshop on Hot topics in middleboxes and network function virtualization
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In recent years, the standards community has developed techniques for traversing NAT/firewall boxes with UDP (that is, establishing UDP flows between hosts behind NATs). Because of the asymmetric nature of TCP connection establishment, however, NAT traversal of TCP is more difficult. Researchers have recently proposed a variety of promising approaches for TCP NAT traversal. The success of these approaches, however, depend on how NAT boxes respond to various sequences of TCP (and ICMP) packets. This paper presents the first broad study of NAT behavior for a comprehensive set of TCP NAT traversal techniques over a wide range of commercial NAT products. We developed a publicly available software test suite that measures the NAT's responses both to a variety of isolated probes and to complete TCP connection establishments. We test sixteen NAT products in the lab, and 93 home NATs in the wild. Using these results, as well as market data for NAT products, we estimate the likelihood of successful NAT traversal for home networks. The insights gained from this paper can be used to guide both design of TCP NAT traversal protocols and the standardization of NAT/firewall behavior, including the IPv4-IPv6 translating NATs critical for IPv6 transition.