IPNL: A NAT-extended internet architecture
Proceedings of the 2001 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Middleboxes no longer considered harmful
OSDI'04 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Symposium on Opearting Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 6
Efficient security mechanisms for overlay multicast based content delivery
Computer Communications
Maximizing total upload in latency-sensitive P2P applications
Proceedings of the nineteenth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures
Characterization and measurement of TCP traversal through NATs and firewalls
IMC '05 Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet Measurement
Facilitating focused internet measurements
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Smartsockets: solving the connectivity problems in grid computing
Proceedings of the 16th international symposium on High performance distributed computing
Persistent personal names for globally connected mobile devices
OSDI '06 Proceedings of the 7th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
An alliance based peering scheme for peer-to-peer live media streaming
Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Peer-to-peer streaming and IP-TV
COHESION - A microkernel based Desktop Grid platform for irregular task-parallel applications
Future Generation Computer Systems
Improving peer connectivity in wide-area overlays of virtual workstations
HPDC '08 Proceedings of the 17th international symposium on High performance distributed computing
GMAC: An overlay multicast network for mobile agent platforms
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
Universal Execution of Parallel Processes: Penetrating NATs over the Grid
ICCS '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Computational Science, Part II
P2P Networking and Applications
P2P Networking and Applications
A programmable network address translator: Design, implementation, and performance
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
Designing a resource pooling transport protocol
INFOCOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE international conference on Computer Communications Workshops
Security considerations in m-learning: threats and countermeasures
Advanced Technology for Learning
A survey of urban vehicular sensing platforms
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
DAIS'08 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP WG 6.1 international conference on Distributed applications and interoperable systems
Networked Graphics: Building Networked Games and Virtual Environments
Networked Graphics: Building Networked Games and Virtual Environments
Quilt: a patchwork of multicast regions
Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems
Design of IP sharing device for multimedia streaming using UDP datagram switchinghanism
ICACT'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Advanced communication technology
Peer NAT proxies for peer-to-peer games
Proceedings of the 8th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games
SocialVPN: Enabling wide-area collaboration with integrated social and overlay networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
A collaborative P2P scheme for NAT Traversal Server discovery based on topological information
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Proceedings of the first ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Green networking
RapidUpdate: peer-assisted distribution of security content
IPTPS'08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Peer-to-peer systems
Preventing DDoS attacks on internet servers exploiting P2P systems
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Balancing gossip exchanges in networks with firewalls
IPTPS'10 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Peer-to-peer systems
An experimental study of home gateway characteristics
IMC '10 Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
How NAT-compatible are VoIP applications?
IEEE Communications Magazine
Reliability and relay selection in peer-to-peer communication systems
Principles, Systems and Applications of IP Telecommunications
UDP NAT and firewall puncturing in the wild
NETWORKING'11 Proceedings of the 10th international IFIP TC 6 conference on Networking - Volume Part II
An untold story of middleboxes in cellular networks
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2011 conference
Gozar: NAT-friendly peer sampling with one-hop distributed NAT traversal
Proceedings of the 11th IFIP WG 6.1 international conference on Distributed applications and interoperable systems
Usurp: distributed NAT traversal for overlay networks
Proceedings of the 11th IFIP WG 6.1 international conference on Distributed applications and interoperable systems
Mobile-oriented scalable cooperative architecture
Proceedings of the 15th WSEAS international conference on Computers
Is it still possible to extend TCP?
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
LoKey: leveraging the SMS network in decentralized, end-to-end trust establishment
PERVASIVE'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Pervasive Computing
VIP: a P2P communication platform for NAT traversal
ISPA'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing and Applications
Efficient security mechanisms for overlay multicast-based content distribution
ACNS'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security
Private virtual cluster: infrastructure and protocol for instant grids
Euro-Par'06 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Parallel Processing
Cheat-proof peer-to-peer trading card games
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Workshop on Network and Systems Support for Games
Swift: the missing link between peer-to-peer and information-centric networks
Proceedings of the First Workshop on P2P and Dependability
Maintaining high performance communication under least privilege using dynamic perimeter control
ESORICS'07 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Research in Computer Security
Peer-to-peer architectures for massively multiplayer online games: A Survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
VMShadow: optimizing the performance of latency-sensitive virtual desktops in distributed clouds
Proceedings of the 5th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference
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Network Address Translation (NAT) causes well-known difficulties for peer-to-peer (P2P) communication, since the peers involved may not be reachable at any globally valid IP address. Several NAT traversal techniques are known, but their documentation is slim, and data about their robustness or relative merits is slimmer. This paper documents and analyzes one of the simplest but most robust and practical NAT traversal techniques, commonly known as hole punching. Hole punching is moderately well-understood for UDP communication, but we show how it can be reliably used to set up peer-to-peer TCP streams as well. After gathering data on the reliability of this technique on a wide variety of deployed NATs, we nd that about 82% of the NATs tested support hole punching for UDP, and about 64% support hole punching for TCP streams. As NAT vendors become increasingly conscious of the needs of important P2P applications such as Voice over IP and online gaming protocols, support for hole punching is likely to increase in the future.