Virtual landmarks for the internet
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Peer-to-peer communication across network address translators
ATEC '05 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Characterization and measurement of TCP traversal through NATs and firewalls
IMC '05 Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet Measurement
NATCracker: NAT Combinations Matter
ICCCN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks
The Design and Deployment of a BitTorrent Live Video Streaming Solution
ISM '09 Proceedings of the 2009 11th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia
An experimental study of home gateway characteristics
IMC '10 Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Internet routing policies and round-trip-times
PAM'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement
On the performance and fairness of BitTorrent-like data swarming systems with NAT devices
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks work on the presumption that all nodes in the network are connectable. However, NAT boxes and firewalls prevent connections to many nodes on the Internet. For UDP based protocols, the UDP hole-punching technique has been proposed to mitigate this problem. This paper presents a study of the efficacy of UDP hole punching on the Internet in the context of an actual P2P network. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has provided similar measurements. Our results show that UDP hole punching is an effective method to increase the connectability of peers on the Internet: approximately 64% of all peers are behind a NAT box or firewall which should allow hole punching to work, and more than 80% of hole punching attempts between these peers succeed.