International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Hidden patterns in combined and adaptive knowledge networks
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Neural networks and fuzzy systems: a dynamical systems approach to machine intelligence
Neural networks and fuzzy systems: a dynamical systems approach to machine intelligence
Future Generation Computer Systems
Future Generation Computer Systems
Comparing the inference capabilities of binary, trivalent and sigmoid fuzzy cognitive maps
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Predicting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Drug Resistance Using Recurrent Neural Networks
IWINAC '07 Proceedings of the 2nd international work-conference on The Interplay Between Natural and Artificial Computation, Part I: Bio-inspired Modeling of Cognitive Tasks
A new minimum pheromone threshold strategy (MPTS) for max-min ant system
Applied Soft Computing
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A fuzzy cognitive maps modeling, learning and simulation framework for studying complex system
IWINAC'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Interplay between natural and artificial computation: new challenges on bioinspired applications - Volume Part II
Self-adaptive learning based particle swarm optimization
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Computational intelligence in bioinformatics
Transactions on Rough Sets III
The particle swarm - explosion, stability, and convergence in amultidimensional complex space
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
An Extension to Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Classification and Prediction
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
Learning Algorithms for Fuzzy Cognitive Maps—A Review Study
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
ANTS'12 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Swarm Intelligence
BIBM '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)
Modelling, aggregation and simulation of a dynamic biological system through fuzzy cognitive maps
MICAI'12 Proceedings of the 11th Mexican international conference on Advances in Computational Intelligence - Volume Part II
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The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a complex retrovirus that progressively deteriorates the immune system of infected patients, eventually causing death. Although antiviral drugs are not able to eradicate the HIV, they are designed to inhibit the function of three essential proteins in the virus replication process: protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase. However, due to a high mutation rate, this virus is capable to develop resistance to existing drugs causing the treatment failure. Several machine learning techniques have been proposed for predicting HIV drugs resistance, but most of them are difficult to interpret. Actually, in last years the protein modeling of this virus has become, from diverse points of view, an open problem for researchers. In this paper we propose a model based on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) for analyzing the behavior of the HIV-1 protease protein. With this goal in mind, a two-steps learning algorithm using Swarm Intelligence for optimizing the modeling parameters is introduced. The first step is oriented to estimate the biological causality among amino acids describing the sequence through a continuous search method. While resulting adjusted maps are combined into a single one through an aggregation procedure for obtaining an initial prototype map. The second step optimizes the prototype by finding those amino acids directly associated with resistance using a discrete meta-heuristic. At the end, a fully optimized prototype map is obtained allowing predicting HIV-1 drug resistance and also discovering relevant knowledge on causal influences directly associated with resistance, for seven well-known protease inhibitors.