Application note: Embedded sensor technology for real time determination of animal lying time
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
Sows' activity classification device using acceleration data - A resource constrained approach
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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The aim of the present study was to investigate the use of accelerometer sensors to estimate grazing time. The estimated grazing time was furthermore combined with bite frequency data in order to model grass intake. Differing levels of stocking densities and grass height were used. Two field experiments were conducted: one in 2009 (EX1) using 20 Holstein cows with 7h daily grazing and ad libitum feeding inside, and another in 2010 (EX2) using 10 Holstein cows with 7.5h daily grazing and restricted feeding inside. For both experiments, data collected were (i) activity data measured by accelerometers, (ii) manually registered bite counts and (iii) estimation of grass intake from energy requirements. In EX2 the necessity of tight sensor fixation was tested. Head mounted accelerometers were used for estimation of grazing time, which was computed using threshold values of raw downloaded data from one axis. Loosely mounted sensors attached to and hanging from the neck collar, compared to tightly mounted sensors on the head of cows did not result in significantly different estimations of grazing time. Bite count recordings showed cow individual differences in bite frequency (ranging from 48 to 62bitesmin^-^1) for the same day on the same paddock. The best estimation of grass intake was for cows which were fed restricted indoors (~30% of diet). This was modelled by using grazing time and bite frequency and resulted in prediction intervals ranging from +/-1.2 to +/-1.4kgDMcow^-^1day^-^1 for continuous grazing with an initial grass height of 11cm. Adding individual bite frequency per cow to the model together with the grazing time, reduced the intake prediction interval from an average of +/-2.3kgDMcow^-^1day^-^1 to +/-1.3kgDMcow^-^1day^-^1 in a continuous grazing system.