A realistic camera model for computer graphics
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Digital Imaging for Photographers with CD (Audio)
Digital Imaging for Photographers with CD (Audio)
Attacks on Copyright Marking Systems
Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Information Hiding
Second Generation Benchmarking and Application Oriented Evaluation
IHW '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Information Hiding
Semi-automatic registration of videos for improved watermark detection
MMSys '10 Proceedings of the first annual ACM SIGMM conference on Multimedia systems
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In 1998, Petitcolas et al. proposed StirMark [14] as a benchmark for image watermarking schemes. The main idea was to introduce a re-sampling process that mimics the analog process of printing and scanning a watermarked image. For digital video, the corresponding concept is a camcorder copy, where a video displayed on a screen is (digitally) recorded using a video camera. As most commercial video streaming systems (VOD, IPTV) and offline distribution (Blu-ray, HDDs for cinemas) are strongly protected by means of DRM, filming a display is actually a relevant use case and a requirement for robust video watermarking systems to survive. We therefore present a tool to simulate content re-acquisition with a camcorder. Our goal is to support watermark development by enabling automated test cases for such camcorder copy attacks, as well as to provide a benchmark for robust video watermarking. Manually creating camcorder copies is a cumbersome process, and even more problematic, it is hardly reproducible with the same setup. By re-sampling each video frame, we simulate the typical artifacts of a camcorder copy: geometric modifications (aspect ratio changes, cropping, perspective and lens distortion), temporal modifications (unsynchronized frame rates and the resulting frame blending), sub-sampling (rescaling, filtering, Bayer color array filter), and histogram changes (AGC, AWB). We also support simulating camera movement (e.g., a hand-held camera) and background insertion.