SIGMOD '87 Proceedings of the 1987 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Concepts and applications of multilevel transactions and open nested transactions
Database transaction models for advanced applications
Ensuring relaxed atomicity for flexible transactions in multidatabase systems
SIGMOD '94 Proceedings of the 1994 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
A critique of ANSI SQL isolation levels
SIGMOD '95 Proceedings of the 1995 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Semantic ACID properties in multidatabases using remote procedure calls and update propagations
Software—Practice & Experience
Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques
Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques
Overview of multidatabase transaction management
The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases
Harvest, Yield, and Scalable Tolerant Systems
HOTOS '99 Proceedings of the The Seventh Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems
Design of Distributed Integrated Heterogeneous or Mobile Databases: System Integration by using relaxed ACID properties
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In central databases the consistency of data is normally implemented by using the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability) properties of a DBMS (Data Base Management System). This is not possible if distributed and/or mobile databases are involved and the availability of data also has to be optimized. Therefore, we will in this paper use so called relaxed ACID properties across different locations. The objective of designing relaxed ACID properties across different database locations is that the users can trust the data they use even if the distributed database temporarily is inconsistent. It is also important that disconnected locations can operate in a meaningful way in so-called disconnected mode. A database is DBMS consistent if its data complies with the consistency rules of the DBMS's metadata. If the database is DBMS consistent both when a transaction starts and when it has been committed and completed, the execution has the consistency property. The above definition of the consistency property is not useful in distributed databases with relaxed ACID properties because such a database is almost always inconsistent. In the following, we will use the concept Consistency anomalies for the inconsistencies caused by the missing consistency property in distributed integrated databases with relaxed ACID properties. In this paper, we will describe countermeasures against the consistency anomalies to make it possible to reduce or prevent the consequences of the missing distributed consistency property. We will also illustrate how to use the countermeasures against the consistency anomalies in ERP systems integrated with heterogeneous E-commerce systems and the databases of mobile salesman ERP modules. The methods described in this paper may be used in so called CAP optimization where Availability and Partition-tolerance are optimized on the expense of Consistency