BEAT: the Behavior Expression Animation Toolkit
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactions with a moody robot
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction
Child's recognition of emotions in robot's face and body
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction
Understanding how children understand robots: Perceived animism in child-robot interaction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Personality and facial expressions in human-robot interaction
HRI '12 Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction
Robot gesture and user acceptance of information in human-robot interaction
HRI '12 Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction
HRI '12 Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction
Children interpretation of emotional body language displayed by a robot
ICSR'11 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Social Robotics
A Two-Month Field Trial in an Elementary School for Long-Term Human–Robot Interaction
IEEE Transactions on Robotics
I show you how I like you - can you read it in my face? [robotics]
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
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Expressive behaviour is a vital aspect of human interaction. A model for adaptive emotion expression was developed for the Nao robot. The robot has an internal arousal and valence value, which are influenced by the emotional state of its interaction partner and emotional occurrences such as winning a game. It expresses these emotions through its voice, posture, whole body poses, eye colour and gestures. An experiment with 18 children (mean age 9) and two Nao robots was conducted to study the influence of adaptive emotion expression on the interaction behaviour and opinions of children. In a within-subjects design the children played a quiz with both an affective robot using the model for adaptive emotion expression and a non-affective robot without this model. The affective robot reacted to the emotions of the child using the implementation of the model, the emotions of the child were interpreted by a Wizard of Oz. The dependent variables, namely the behaviour and opinions of the children, were measured through video analysis and questionnaires. The results show that children react more expressively and more positively to a robot which adaptively expresses itself than to a robot which does not. The feedback of the children in the questionnaires further suggests that showing emotion through movement is considered a very positive trait for a robot. From their positive reactions we can conclude that children enjoy interacting with a robot which adaptively expresses itself through emotion and gesture more than with a robot which does not do this.