Measurements from an 802.11b Mobile Ad Hoc Network
WOWMOM '06 Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on on World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks
Impact of Human Mobility on Opportunistic Forwarding Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Adaptive contact probing mechanisms for delay tolerant applications
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Very low-cost internet access using KioskNet
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
MobiClique: middleware for mobile social networking
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Online social networks
Energy consumption in mobile phones: a measurement study and implications for network applications
Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference
Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data
SIAM Review
A prsimonious model of mobile partitioned networks with clustering
COMSNETS'09 Proceedings of the First international conference on COMmunication Systems And NETworks
Markov-optimal sensing policy for user state estimation in mobile devices
Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
An analysis of power consumption in a smartphone
USENIXATC'10 Proceedings of the 2010 USENIX conference on USENIX annual technical conference
Cellular traffic offloading through opportunistic communications: a case study
Proceedings of the 5th ACM workshop on Challenged networks
Self-constructive high-rate system energy modeling for battery-powered mobile systems
MobiSys '11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
MobiCom '11 Proceedings of the 17th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
WiFi-Opp: ad-hoc-less opportunistic networking
CHANTS '11 Proceedings of the 6th ACM workshop on Challenged networks
Twitter in disaster mode: security architecture
Proceedings of the Special Workshop on Internet and Disasters
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By leveraging device-to-device communication, opportunistic networks promise to complement infrastructure-based networks, by enabling communication in remote areas or during disaster and emergency situations, as well as by giving rise to novel applications, such as location-based sharing. Yet, to become feasible in practice and accepted by users, it is crucial that opportunistic communication be energy-efficient. Through extensive and detailed measurements and analysis, we show in this paper, that all of today's device-to-device communication technologies suffer from two grave energy consumption problems: very expensive neighbor discovery and unfair connection maintenance. We consider the two most well-known technologies -- Wi-Fi Direct and Bluetooth, and a third solution based on the WLAN access point mode -- WLAN-Opp. We carefully design a measurement setup which allows us to isolate the energy consumption of individual operations (e.g. CPU sleeping/waking up, scanning/listening for neighbors etc) for thesetechnologies and compare the technologies based on these measurements. Our analysis reveals that neighbor discovery can quickly drain a device's battery, depending on the required scanning frequency. In addition, once a connection is established, the "host" of the connection consumes two to five times the energy needed by a "client". To solve this unfairness problem, we propose a strategy that periodically alternates the hosting role among the peers. Further, we minimize the cost of the role switching operation by using the distribution of the residual connection time of two peers to calculate an adaptive switching period. We examine the trade-off between fairness and switching cost on real-world connection traces and show that our scheme largely outperforms static role switching. Finally, we demonstrate that our fair role switching scheme is also effective when run on real devices.