File system aging—increasing the relevance of file system benchmarks
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A trace-driven analysis of the UNIX 4.2 BSD file system
Proceedings of the tenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Virtualizing I/O Devices on VMware Workstation's Hosted Virtual Machine Monitor
Proceedings of the General Track: 2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
File system design for an NFS file server appliance
WTEC'94 Proceedings of the USENIX Winter 1994 Technical Conference on USENIX Winter 1994 Technical Conference
An analysis of trace data for predictive file caching in mobile computing
USTC'94 Proceedings of the USENIX Summer 1994 Technical Conference on USENIX Summer 1994 Technical Conference - Volume 1
A comparison of file system workloads
ATEC '00 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
A five-year study of file-system metadata
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Embedded inodes and explicit grouping: exploiting disk bandwidth for small files
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ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
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IISWC '07 Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Workload Characterization
NCQ vs. I/O scheduler: Preventing unexpected misbehaviors
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
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FAST'10 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
A study of practical deduplication
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
GPFS: a shared-disk file system for large computing clusters
FAST'02 Proceedings of the 1st USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
Revisiting the storage stack in virtualized NAS environments
WIOV'11 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on I/O virtualization
A Model of Storage I/O Performance Interference in Virtualized Systems
ICDCSW '11 Proceedings of the 2011 31st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops
Design implications for enterprise storage systems via multi-dimensional trace analysis
SOSP '11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
Understanding performance implications of nested file systems in a virtualized environment
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Adding advanced storage controller functionality via low-overhead virtualization
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Extracting flexible, replayable models from large block traces
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Demand based hierarchical QoS using storage resource pools
USENIX ATC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
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Network Attached Storage (NAS) and Virtual Machines (VMs) are widely used in data centers thanks to their manageability, scalability, and ability to consolidate resources. But the shift from physical to virtual clients drastically changes the I/O workloads seen on NAS servers, due to guest file system encapsulation in virtual disk images and the multiplexing of request streams from different VMs. Unfortunately, current NAS workload generators and benchmarks produce workloads typical to physical machines. This paper makes two contributions. First, we studied the extent to which virtualization is changing existing NAS workloads. We observed significant changes, including the disappearance of file system meta-data operations at the NAS layer, changed I/O sizes, and increased randomness. Second, we created a set of versatile NAS benchmarks to synthesize virtualized workloads. This allows us to generate accurate virtualized workloads without the effort and limitations associated with setting up a full virtualized environment. Our experiments demonstrate that the relative error of our virtualized benchmarks, evaluated across 11 parameters, averages less than 10%.