Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1: foundations
Finite Precision Error Analysis of Neural Network Hardware Implementations
IEEE Transactions on Computers
The Symmetric Table Addition Method for Accurate Function Approximation
Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems
Algorithm and Architecture for Logarithm, Exponential, and Powering Computation
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Low-error, High-speed Approximation of the Sigmoid Function for Large FPGA Implementations
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
Optimised PWL recursive approximation and its application to neuro-fuzzy systems
Mathematical and Computer Modelling: An International Journal
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A piecewise second order approximation scheme is proposed for computing the sigmoid function. The scheme provides high performance with low implementation cost; thus, it is suitable for hardwired cost effective neural emulators. It is shown that an implementation of the sigmoid generator outperforms, in both precision and speed, existing schemes using a bit serial pipelined implementation. The proposed generator requires one multiplication, no look-up table and no addition. It has been estimated that the sigmoid output is generated with a maximum computation delay of 21 bit serial machine cycles representing a speedup of 1.57 to 2.23 over other proposals.