Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Numerical Optimization of Computer Models
Numerical Optimization of Computer Models
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"Artificial Life," despite its biological analogy and the hyperbole that its name implies, is really a collection of methods for building discrete event simulations with evolving multiple agents. It consists mainly of representing parts of systems or natural phenomena as individual active objects that may be both persistent and self-modifiable, operating on them with genetic algorithms or other evolutionary computing techniques and treating their multi-dimensional parameter (state) space discretely, by using cellular automata or similar coupled map lattices. The attractiveness of these methods for general purpose modeling and simulation lies in their ability to produce complex emergent phenomena out of a small set of relatively simple rules, constraints and relationships couched in either quantitative or qualitative terms. This tutorial includes brief introductions to both GA and CA, a description of a tool kit for building multi-agent simulations, and an outline of a current application to electric power systems and to the evolution of the electric power industry itself References are included to demonstration software and source code available on the internet.