Minimum disclosure proofs of knowledge
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We introduce a technique for using an untrusted device, such as a hand-held personal digital assistant or a laptop to perform real financial transactions without a network. We utilize the tamper-resistant nature of smartcards to store value on them and perform probabilistic computations based on user input. We discuss an application of this to gambling. The technique has the properties that the user is guaranteed to make money when he wins and the house is guaranteed to make money when the user loses.