The ecology of computation
Designing information technology in the postmodern age: from method to metaphor
Designing information technology in the postmodern age: from method to metaphor
Patterns of change in design metaphor: a case study
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Participatory Design: Principles and Practices
Participatory Design: Principles and Practices
IT ecosystems: evolved complexity and unintelligent design
Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on Computer human interaction for the management of information technology
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We may view documents, not only as containers for information, but also as active participants in organizing and sustaining communities. This paper discusses our experiences in designing a web-based tool for writing and managing engineering authorizations, and the social perspectives influence on our understanding of the problem and the design of our system. It presents observations based on our fieldwork with users, and the evaluation of a set of prototype systems. It shows how these observations changed our central metaphor for the system, moving it from a machine model to a society of agents metaphor. Finally, it illustrates the way this new metaphor changed our system functionality and architecture.