Printed circuits handbook (3rd ed.)
Printed circuits handbook (3rd ed.)
Homogeneous pin-through-hole component inspection using fringe tracking
WSEAS Transactions on Signal Processing
Material classification method for printed circuit boards using a spectral imaging system
Machine Graphics & Vision International Journal
Optimal illuminator design for automatic optical inspection systems
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
Design and development of automatic visual inspection system for PCB manufacturing
Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
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An experimental color vision inspection system for the detection of solder joint flaws on printed circuit boards is described. A tiered lighting arrangement is used to generate color contours on the solder joint for the detection and classification of defects including no solder, insufficient or excess solder, poor wetting of component leads or solder pad, and faults due to improper insertion of component leads. Each type of defect gives rise to a characteristic pattern of color contours which are processed using binary image techniques on each color plane of the image. Geometric descriptors measuring the shape of the color contours and the color level intensities of the solder joint images are used to identify each defect class. Statistical distributions are determined for each of the good and defective joint classes, from which a flaw detection and classification tree is derived. The performance of the system was tested on samples of commercially manufactured, wave-soldered circuit boards.