Artificial intelligence: the very idea
Artificial intelligence: the very idea
Turing's test and conscious thought
Artificial Intelligence
Lessons from a restricted Turing test
Communications of the ACM
Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds
Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds
Alan Turing
Turing's Rules for the Imitation Game
Minds and Machines
Making the Right Identification in the Turing Test1
Minds and Machines
Turing test considered harmful
IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
The Status and Future of the Turing Test
Minds and Machines
Turing's Rules for the Imitation Game
Minds and Machines
The interrogator as critic: The turing test and the evaluation of generative music systems
Computer Music Journal
Variations of the turing test in the age of internet and virtual reality
KI'09 Proceedings of the 32nd annual German conference on Advances in artificial intelligence
Bringing up turing's ‘child-machine'
CiE'12 Proceedings of the 8th Turing Centenary conference on Computability in Europe: how the world computes
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On a literal reading of `Computing Machinery and Intelligence', Alan Turing presented not one, but two, practical tests to replace the question `Can machines think?' He presented them as equivalent. I show here that the first test described in that much-discussed paper is in fact not equivalent to the second one, which has since become known as `the Turing Test'. The two tests can yield different results; it is the first, neglected test that provides the more appropriate indication of intelligence. This is because the features of intelligence upon which it relies are resourcefulness and a critical attitude to one's habitual responses; thus the test's applicablity is not restricted to any particular species, nor does it presume any particular capacities. This is more appropriate because the question under consideration is what would count as machine intelligence. The first test realizes a possibility that philosophers have overlooked: a test that uses a human's linguistic performance in setting an empirical test of intelligence, but does not make behavioral similarity to that performance the criterion of intelligence. Consequently, the first test is immune to many of the philosophical criticisms on the basis of which the (so-called) `Turing Test' has been dismissed.