Practical Middleware for Massively Multiplayer Online Games
IEEE Internet Computing
Composing aggregate web services in BPEL
Proceedings of the 44th annual Southeast regional conference
A formal framework for middleware behavioural specification
ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
A Software Architecture-Based Approach for Formalising Middleware Behaviour
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
A LOTOS framework for middleware specification
FORTE'06 Proceedings of the 26th IFIP WG 6.1 international conference on Formal Techniques for Networked and Distributed Systems
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Traditionally, most definitions seeking to characterize middleware suggest that it is the software that facilitates remote database access and systems transactions. More recently, the term has come to be associated-somewhat limitingly-with distributed platforms such as the Open Software Foundation's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) and the Object Management Group's Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). And some have loosely applied it to systems as diverse as workflow support environments and even to the Web itself. We believe the essential role of middleware is to manage the complexity and heterogeneity of distributed infrastructures and thereby provide a simpler programming environment for distributed-application developers. It is therefore most useful to define middleware as any software layer that is placed above the distributed system's infrastructure-the network OS and APIs-and below the application layer