Introduction to the ISO specification language LOTOS
Computer Networks and ISDN Systems - Special Issue: Protocol Specification and Testing
Middleware: a model for distributed system services
Communications of the ACM
Software engineering and middleware: a roadmap
Proceedings of the Conference on The Future of Software Engineering
Formal specification of CORBA services: experience and lessons learned
OOPSLA '00 Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications
A formal specification of the CORBA event service
Fourth International Conference on Formal methods for open object-based distributed systems IV
Safe 'composability' of middleware services
Communications of the ACM - Adaptive middleware
Managing Complexity: Middleware Explained
IT Professional
IEEE Internet Computing
Behavior Protocols for Software Components
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
A Formal Analysis of the CORBA Security Service
ZB '02 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of B and Z Users on Formal Specification and Development in Z and B
Patterns, frameworks, and middleware: their synergistic relationships
Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering
Formal Specification of CORBA Services using Object-Z
ICFEM '98 Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods
An architecture for next generation middleware
Middleware '98 Proceedings of the IFIP International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms and Open Distributed Processing
A Software Architecture-Based Approach for Formalising Middleware Behaviour
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
Using stochastic Petri nets for performance modelling of application servers
IPDPS'06 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Parallel and distributed processing
Formal Modeling of a Generic Middleware to Ensure Invariant Properties
FMOODS '08 Proceedings of the 10th IFIP WG 6.1 international conference on Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems
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The number of open specifications of middleware systems and middleware services is increasing. Despite their complexity, they are traditionally described through APIs (the operation signatures) and informal prose (the behaviour). This fact often leads to ambiguities, whilst making difficult a better understanding of what is actually described. This paper presents a formal framework, specified in LOTOS (Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification), for the specification of middleware systems. The framework consists of a set of basic/common middleware components and some guidelines on how to compose them. The components of the framework facilitate the formal specification of different middleware systems. In order to illustrate how the framework may be used, it is adopted to specify procedural (synchronous) and message-oriented (asynchronous) middleware systems.