A guide to expert systems
Communications of the ACM
Conceptual structures: information processing in mind and machine
Conceptual structures: information processing in mind and machine
Expert Systems and the "Myth" of Symbolic Reasoning
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Special issue on artificial intelligence and software engineering
Whether software engineering needs to be artificially intelligent
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Experimentation in software engineering
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Communications of the ACM
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies - Knowledge acquisition for knowledge-based systems. Part 2
Managing prototype knowledge/expert system projects
Communications of the ACM
The sciences of the artificial (3rd ed.)
The sciences of the artificial (3rd ed.)
Contextual relevance in analogical reasoning: a model of legal argument
Contextual relevance in analogical reasoning: a model of legal argument
A High-Level Petri Nets-Based Approach to Verifying Task Structures
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
A Task-Based Methodology for Specifying Expert Systems
IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems and Their Applications
IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems and Their Applications
Task-Based Specifications Through Conceptual Graphs
IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems and Their Applications
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It is proposed that knowledge specifications be used as bases for developing and maintaining expert systems. It is suggested that through knowledge acquisition, a knowledge specification representing the kinds of knowledge and reasoning processes used to perform a task can be produced. A prototype can then be built to test and improve the knowledge specification. When a stable and satisfactory specification is obtained, a production system for end users, based on the specification rather than on the prototype, can be implemented. The knowledge specification guides system changes during maintenance. An experimental study to assess and improve this methodology is reported. Prototyping is discussed, an expert system knowledge specification is presented, and a methodology for creating a knowledge specification using conceptual structures is described. The methodology is compared with a currently popular methodology for expert system development. The proposal is primarily intended for medium- to large-scale expert systems, which may have several developers and whose users will not be developing the systems.