Text generation: using discourse strategies and focus constraints to generate natural language text
Text generation: using discourse strategies and focus constraints to generate natural language text
A 15 Year Perspective on Automatic Programming
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering - Special issue on artificial intelligence and software engineering
Intention-based diagnosis of errors in novice programs
Intention-based diagnosis of errors in novice programs
The use of explicit user models in text generation: tailoring to a user's level of expertise
The use of explicit user models in text generation: tailoring to a user's level of expertise
A flexible interface for linking applications to Penman's sentence generator
HLT '89 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
HLT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Generating Natural Language under Pragmatic Constraints
Generating Natural Language under Pragmatic Constraints
Understanding Natural Language
Understanding Natural Language
Machine Translation: A Knowledge-Based Approach
Machine Translation: A Knowledge-Based Approach
Explanations in Knowledge Systems: Design for Explainable Expert Systems
IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems and Their Applications
UC -- A Progress Report
Functional unification grammar revisited
ACL '87 Proceedings of the 25th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Planning coherent multisentential text
ACL '88 Proceedings of the 26th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Coordinating text and graphics in explanation generation
HLT '89 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Focusing Knowledge-Based Techniques on Market Analysis
IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems and Their Applications
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The different tasks and types of language generation systems are discussed. There are four types of generation systems: canned-text, template, phrase-based, and feature-based systems. Canned text is the simplest way of producing output and is used in the vast majority of software. Templates, the next level of sophistication, are used when a single message must be produced multiple times with slight alterations. Phrases are generalized templates and can be developed to considerable complexity. Features are the limit point of phrase generalization. Each possible minimal alternative of expression is represented by a single feature. These systems can be applied to produce multiparagraph texts, summaries of numerical information, explanations, help systems, multimedia interfaces, software documentation and machine translation. Penman, one of several general-purpose single-sentence generators that are gradually evolving toward full-scale commercial strength, is discussed.