An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system
Communications of the ACM
Query by humming: musical information retrieval in an audio database
Proceedings of the third ACM international conference on Multimedia
Towards the digital music library: tune retrieval from acoustic input
Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Digital libraries
User controlled overviews of an image library: a case study of the visible human
Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Digital libraries
STAIRS redux: thoughts on the STAIRS evaluation, ten years after
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special issue: evaluation of information retrieval systems
Readings in information retrieval
Readings in information retrieval
Manipulation of music for melody matching
MULTIMEDIA '98 Proceedings of the sixth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Content-based retrieval for music collections
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Towards a digital library of popular music
Proceedings of the fourth ACM conference on Digital libraries
Managing gigabytes (2nd ed.): compressing and indexing documents and images
Managing gigabytes (2nd ed.): compressing and indexing documents and images
Evaluation of a simple and effective music information retrieval method
SIGIR '00 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Music-notation searching and digital libraries
Proceedings of the 1st ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Dynamic Queries for Visual Information Seeking
IEEE Software
Query by Rhythm: An Approach for Song Retrieval in Music Databases
RIDE '98 Proceedings of the Workshop on Research Issues in Database Engineering
USe: A Retargetable Word Segmentation Procedure for Information Retrieval
USe: A Retargetable Word Segmentation Procedure for Information Retrieval
Music notation by computer (formatting)
Music notation by computer (formatting)
Music-notation searching and digital libraries
Proceedings of the 1st ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Feature selection for polyphonic music retrieval
Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
The TREC-like evaluation of music IR systems
Proceedings of the 26th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in informaion retrieval
Searching notated polyphonic music using transportation distances
Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Introduction and overview: a sample of music information retrieval approaches
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology - Music information retrieval
Overview of the OMRAS project: online music retrieval and searching
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology - Music information retrieval
The Scientific Evaluation of Music Information Retrieval Systems: Foundations and Future
Computer Music Journal
Drum loops retrieval from spoken queries
Journal of Intelligent Information Systems - Special issue: Intelligent multimedia applications
Content-based music filtering system with editable user profile
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Exploring composite acoustic features for efficient music similarity query
MULTIMEDIA '06 Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Machine learning system for estimating the rhythmic salience of sounds
International Journal of Knowledge-based and Intelligent Engineering Systems - Selected papers from the KES2004 conference
Efficient geometric measure of music similarity
Information Processing Letters
Advanced Information Retrieval
Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)
QUC-tree: integrating query context information for efficient music retrieval
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia - Special issue on integration of context and content
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Melodic similarity through shape similarity
CMMR'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Exploring music contents
Re-using implicit knowledge in short-term information profiles for context-sensitive tasks
ICCBR'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development
On efficient music genre classification
DASFAA'05 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications
MPEG-7 based music metadata extensions for traditional greek music retrieval
MRCS'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Multimedia Content Representation, Classification and Security
Symbolic music genre classification based on note pitch and duration
ADBIS'06 Proceedings of the 10th East European conference on Advances in Databases and Information Systems
Dimensionality reduction in harmonic modeling for music information retrieval
CMMR'05 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval
FDIA'07 Proceedings of the 1st BCS IRSG conference on Future Directions in Information Access
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Although a substantial number of research projects have addressed music information retrieval over the past three decades, the field is still very immature. Few of these projects involve complex (polyphonic) music; methods for evaluation are at a very primitive stage of development; none of the projects tackles the problem of realistically large-scale databases. Many problems to be faced are due to the nature of music itself. Among these are issues in human perception and cognition of music, especially as they concern the recognizability of a musical phrase. This paper considers some of the most fundamental problems in music information retrieval, challenging the common assumption that searching on pitch (or pitch-contour) alone is likely to be satisfactory for all purposes. This assumption may indeed be true for most monophonic (single-voice) music, but it is certainly inadequate for polyphonic (multi-voice) music. Even in the monophonic case it can lead to misleading results. The fact, long recognized in projects involving monophonic music, that a recognizable passage is usually not identical with the search pattern means that approximate matching is almost always necessary, yet this too is severely complicated by the demands of polyphonic music. Almost all text-IR methods rely on identifying approximate units of meaning, that is, words. A fundamental problem in music IR is that locating such units is extremely difficult, perhaps impossible.