On-Line Confidence Machines Are Well-Calibrated

  • Authors:
  • Vladimir Vovk

  • Affiliations:
  • -

  • Venue:
  • FOCS '02 Proceedings of the 43rd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
  • Year:
  • 2002

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Abstract

Transductive Confidence Machine (TCM) and its computationally efficient modification, Inductive Confidence Machine (ICM), are ways of complementing machine-learning algorithms with practically useful measures of confidence. We show that when TCM and ICM are used in the on-line mode, their confidence measures are well-calibrated, in the sense that predictive regions at confidence level 1 - \delta will be wrong with relative frequency at most \delta (approaching \delta in the case of randomised TCM and ICM) in the long run. This is not just an asymptotic phenomenon: actually the error probability of randomised TCM and ICM is \delta at every trial and errors happen independently at different trials.