IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Voxel-based 2-D/3-D registration of fluoroscopy images and CT scans for image-guided surgery
IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
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Validation of registration techniques needed for image-guided surgery is an important problem, which received little attention in the literature. In this paper we address the challenging problem of generation of a reliable gold standard for evaluating the accuracy of surgical 2D/3D registrations. We have devised a cadaveric lumbar spine phantom with fiducial markers and established highly accurate correspondence between 3D CT and MR images and 18 2D X-ray images. The expected target registration errors are in the order of 0.2 mm for CT to X-ray registration and in the order of 0.3 mm for MR to X-ray registration. As such, the gold standard images, which are available on request from the authors, are useful for testing 2D/3D registration methods in image guided surgery.