Pfinder: Real-Time Tracking of the Human Body
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The visual analysis of human movement: a survey
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
3-D model-based tracking of humans in action: a multi-view approach
CVPR '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '96)
Tracking People with Twists and Exponential Maps
CVPR '98 Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
3D human body model acquisition from multiple views
ICCV '95 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computer Vision
Depth silhouettes for gesture recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Real-Time GPU-Based Voxel Carving with Systematic Occlusion Handling
Proceedings of the 31st DAGM Symposium on Pattern Recognition
Visual affect recognition
Part template: 3D representation for multiview human pose estimation
Pattern Recognition
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This paper describes a system, which acquires 3D data and tracks an eleven degree of freedom human model in real-time. Using four cameras we create a time-varying volumetric image (a visual hull) of anything moving in the space observed by all four cameras. The sensor is currently operating in a volume of approximately 500,000 voxels (1.5 inch cubes) at a rate of 25 Hz. The system is able to track the upper body dynamics of a human (x,y position of the body, a torso rotation, and four rotations per arm). Both data acquisition and tracking occur on one computer at a rate of 16 Hz. We also developed a calibration procedure, which allows the system to be moved and be recalibrated quickly. Furthermore we display in real-time, either the data overlaid with the joint locations or a human avatar. Lastly our system has been implemented to perform crane gesture recognition.