Interactionist-expectative view on agency and learning
ITI '96 Selected papers from the 18th international conference on Information technology interfaces
The invisible computer
The humane interface: new directions for designing interactive systems
The humane interface: new directions for designing interactive systems
ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine
Communications of the ACM
Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity
Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity
Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet
Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet
The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design
The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design
Rethinking cognitive tools: from augmentation to mediation
CT '97 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Technology (CT '97)
The prosthesis as partner: pragmatics and the human-computer interface
CT '97 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Technology (CT '97)
Embodiment as metaphor: metaphorizing- in the environment
Computation for metaphors, analogy, and agents
NN Music: Improvising with a `Living' Computer
Computer Music Modeling and Retrieval. Sense of Sounds
Interacting with Computers
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This paper explores underlying metaphors about the process of working with computers and computer interfaces. First, we identify the most wide-spread implicit metaphor, which we claim to be the conduit metaphor. While interacting with a computer, users are implicitly put in a conversational situation, unlike the situation they find themselves in when interacting with most other artifacts. We advance arguments for this thesis taken from the history of computers, computer interfaces, and their current design. Nowadays we are witnessing a shift from this, all pervasive metaphor towards another emerging metaphor where computers are beginning gradually to be perceived as an augmantation, or prosthesis for the perceptive and cognitive capabilities. In this, transition phase, we can see people advocating views where the two metaphors are mixed. Then, we put forward the claim that the prosthesis metaphor is far more fruitful, productive, and explicative and we indicate some of the practical implications of adopting this metaphor.