Security without identification: transaction systems to make big brother obsolete
Communications of the ACM
Networks without user observability
Computers and Security
The dining cryptographers problem: unconditional sender and recipient untraceability
Journal of Cryptology
Zero-knowledge undeniable signatures (extended abstract)
EUROCRYPT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology
Cryptographic defense against traffic analysis
STOC '93 Proceedings of the twenty-fifth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
NetCash: a design for practical electronic currency on the Internet
CCS '93 Proceedings of the 1st ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Untraceable off-line cash in wallet with observers
CRYPTO '93 Proceedings of the 13th annual international cryptology conference on Advances in cryptology
Revokable and versatile electronic money (extended abstract)
CCS '96 Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Strong loss tolerance of electronic coin systems
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Trustee-based tracing extensions to anonymous cash and the making of anonymous change
Proceedings of the sixth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms
Digital payment systems with passive anonymity-revoking trustees
Journal of Computer Security
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Financial Cryptography
FC '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Financial Cryptography
FC '98 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Secure and Efficient Off-Line Digital Money (Extended Abstract)
ICALP '93 Proceedings of the 20th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming
CRYPTO '88 Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Anonymous Communication and Anonymous Cash
CRYPTO '96 Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Efficient Electronic Money (Extended Abstract)
ASIACRYPT '94 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology: Advances in Cryptology
"Indirect Discourse Proof": Achieving Efficient Fair Off-Line E-cash
ASIACRYPT '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
Cost-Effective Payment Schemes with Privacy Regulation
ASIACRYPT '96 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
Fair Off-Line e-cash Made Easy
ASIACRYPT '98 Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptology and Information Security: Advances in Cryptology
Efficient Electronic Cash with Restricted Privacy
FC '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Anonymity Control in E-Cash Systems
FC '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Applying Anti-Trust Policies to Increase Trust in a Versatile E-Money System
FC '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Perspectives on Financial Cryptography
FC '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Distributed Trustees and Revocability: A Framework for Internet Payment
FC '98 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Financial Cryptography
FC '98 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Improved Magic Ink Signatures Using Hints
FC '99 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Financial Cryptography
EUROCRYPT'95 Proceedings of the 14th annual international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
FC '01 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Capability-Based Financial Instruments
FC '00 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Financial Cryptography
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This paper introduces the concept of an eshare, or digital stockholder certificate, which allows investors in companies to buy and trade shares without revealing their identity or the size of their investment. In addition, the eshare protocols presented allow for publicly verifiable elections to be held with each share assigned one vote. Dividend payments to investors are also supported, again without revealing shareholder identities, even if a government taxation agency requires verifiable documentation of shareholder earnings. The protocols presented are based on certified anonymous public keys with trusteerevocable anonymity, which may be of independent interest.