Toward an integration of training theory and technique
Human Factors - Training theory, methods, and technology
Pathfinder associative networks: studies in knowledge organization
Pathfinder associative networks: studies in knowledge organization
Varieties of knowledge elicitation techniques
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Using evaluation in the design of an intelligent tutoring system
Journal of Interactive Learning Research
Animated demonstrations for learning procedural computer-based tasks
Human-Computer Interaction
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Because ITSs offer knowledge-based instruction, ITS authoring shells can use knowledge acquisition systems to bring courseware development within the reach of subject-matter experts unskilled in instructional design and development. The Experimental Advanced Instructional Design Advisor (XAIDA), a simple ITS shell, was evaluated in a study of 17 Air Force medical-technician trainers. The study examined XAIDA's learnability, usability, and acceptability to the participants using a one-week combined training and evaluation program. All participants were able to produce courseware using XAIDA. Measures of cognitive structure indicated that their conception of XAIDA's features became more similar to that of an expert as the result of training. Performance tests, skill ratings and usability ratings indicated that XAIDA is both usable and learnable. Participant's attitudes were generally positive except at a point when training required a difficult cognitive shift. Attitudes remained focused througout training on personal and low-level concerns, indicating the participants were not likely to be early adapters of the technology. The results have implications for the deployment of ITS shells in operational environments.