Object modelling by registration of multiple range images
Image and Vision Computing - Special issue: range image understanding
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Digital watermarking
Geometry-Based Watermarking of 3D Models
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Watermarking 3D polygonal meshes in the mesh spectral domain
GRIN'01 No description on Graphics interface 2001
Watermarking three-dimensional polygonal models through geometric and topological modifications
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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Although watermarking techniques have been successfully applied to natural images and videos, little progress is made in the area of graphics animation. In particular, the MPEG-4 dynamic 2D mesh that provides efficient coding for animated graphics data imposes several realistic constraints for watermarking. In this paper, we propose a robust watermarking technique for MPEG-4 2D mesh animation. A multiresolution analysis is applied to locate feature motions of the animated mesh. The watermark signal is inserted based on a spread-spectrum approach by perturbing the extracted feature motions. We have also incorporated a spatial-domain registration technique to restore geometrically transformed mesh data. A variety of attacks, including the affine transformation, smoothing, enhancement and attenuation, and random noise, are used to verify the robustness of the proposed system. Experimental results show that our watermarks can withstand the aforementioned attacks. We also compare the performance of several common integer-to-integer wavelet transforms under the proposed framework.