The designer as user: building requirements for design tools from design practice
Communications of the ACM
“Information technology to support electronic meetings"
Management Information Systems Quarterly
Problem-solution mapping in object-oriented design
OOPSLA '89 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
Object oriented design with applications
Object oriented design with applications
A comparison of laboratory and field research in the study of electronic meeting systems
Journal of Management Information Systems - Special issue on management support systems
Object-oriented design
Object-oriented analysis (2nd ed.)
Object-oriented analysis (2nd ed.)
Analysing the novice analyst: cognitive models in software engineering
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Requirements specification: learning object, process, and data methodologies
Communications of the ACM
Journal of Systems and Software - Special issue on information systems development: enhanced best papers from the fourth international conference, Bled, Slovenia, September 1994
Climbing the smalltalk mountain
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
GroupWare: Computer Support for Business Teams
GroupWare: Computer Support for Business Teams
Structured Analysis and System Specification
Structured Analysis and System Specification
Exploring the difficulties of learning object-oriented techniques
Journal of Management Information Systems - Special section: Strategic and competitive information systems
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Analyzing the structure of expert knowledge
Information and Management
Evaluating Pair Programming with Respect to System Complexity and Programmer Expertise
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Journal of Systems and Software
Analyzing the structure of expert knowledge
Information and Management
Information Resources Management Journal
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Identifying the perceptions of developers that use object-oriented (OO) system development techniques is necessary to understand why they are described as difficult to learn and use. Professional developers with a broad range of experience were asked to share their perceptions of the issues that contribute to the difficulties of using OO techniques. The 67 developers primarily were from the tele-communications and systems consulting industries in a large metropolitan area. Seventeen small groups of developers with similar levels of experience completed a 2.5-h group cognitive mapping process using a group support system (GSS). Each GSS session consisted of activities to identify difficult issues, define categories that classify the issues by similarity, rate the importance of the categories for causing difficulties, and identify causal relationships among the categories to form a cognitive map that represents the group's shared perceptions of the difficulties of using OO techniques. The 1279 issues identified were organized into 141 categories by the 17 groups. These 141 group-generated categories were merged to identify a set of 9 overall categories to allow comparisons of perceptions across groups and levels of experience. The results reveal a common "core" of difficult issues associated with using OO techniques that was shared by novices, intermediates, and experts. Overall category group cognitive maps reveal substantial differences in the causal relationships perceived by novices and experts.