Network Effects and Technology Licensing with Fixed Fee, Royalty, and Hybrid Contracts
Journal of Management Information Systems
Analyzing Complementarities Using Software Stacks for Software Industry Acquisitions
Journal of Management Information Systems
Architectural knowledge in inter-organizational IT innovation
The Journal of Strategic Information Systems
Managing architectural emergence: A conceptual model and simulation
Decision Support Systems
Reconceptualizing and expanding the positive feedback network effects model: A case study
Journal of Engineering and Technology Management
Value creation using alliances within the software industry
Electronic Commerce Research and Applications
The end of the information system life: a model of is discontinuance
ACM SIGMIS Database
Information Systems Research
Decision Support Systems
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For more than a decade NEC dominated the Japanese PC market with its PC-98 architecture, which was incompatible both with its major Japanese rivals and the global PC standard. However, NEC was powerless to prevent the introduction of Japanese versions of Windows 3.1 and 95 that ran on its competitors' architectures as well as on the PC-98, unifying the Japanese PC market and creating a common set of application programming interfaces for all Intel-based Japanese PCs. The introduction of Windows rendered obsolete the large DOS-based software library that had provided strong positive externalities for the NEC architecture. Absent those advantages, the market share of the PC-98 standard fell from 60% to 33% in five years, and NEC finally abandoned the PC-98 in favor of the global standard. An examination of the unusual rise and fall of the PC-98 shows how victory in a standards competition can be negated by the introduction of a new architectural layer that spans two or more previously incompatible architectures.