Wizard of Oz studies: why and how
IUI '93 Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Communications of the ACM
NEIMO, a multiworkstation usability lab for observing and analyzing multimodal interaction
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Multimodal theater: extending low fidelity paper prototyping to multimodal applications
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
“Put-that-there”: Voice and gesture at the graphics interface
SIGGRAPH '80 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Capturing user tests in a multimodal, multidevice informal prototyping tool
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
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Designers are increasingly faced with the challenge of targeting multimodal applications, those that span heterogeneous devices and use multimodal input, but do not have tools to support them. We studied the early stage work practices of professional multimodal interaction designers. We noted the variety of different artifacts produced, such as design sketches and paper prototypes. Additionally, we observed Wizard of Oz techniques that are sometimes used to simulate an interactive application from these sketches. These studies have led to our development of a technique for interface designers to consider as they embark on creating multimodal applications.