Completeness results for graph isomorphism

  • Authors:
  • Birgit Jenner;Johannes Köbler;Pierre McKenzie;Jacobo Torán

  • Affiliations:
  • Abt. Theoretische Informatik, Universität Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany;Institut für Informatik, Humboldt Universtät zu Berlin, D-10099 Berlin, Germany;Université de Montréal, CP 6128 succ Centre-Ville, Montréal QC, Canada H3C 3J7;Abt. Theoretische Informatik, Universität Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany

  • Venue:
  • Journal of Computer and System Sciences
  • Year:
  • 2003

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Abstract

We prove that the graph isomorphism problem restricted to trees and to colored graphs with color multiplicities 2 and 3 is many-one complete for several complexity classes within NC2. In particular we show that tree isomorphism, when trees are encoded as strings, is NC1-hard under AC0-reductions. NC1- completeness thus follows from Buss's NC1 upper bound. By contrast, we prove that testing isomorphism of two trees encoded as pointer lists is L-complete. Concerning colored graphs we show that the isomorphism problem for graphs with color multiplicities 2 and 3 is complete for symmetric logarithmic space SL under many-one reductions. This result improves the existing upper bounds for the problem. We also show that the graph automorphism problem for colored graphs with color classes of size 2 is equivalent to deciding whether a graph has more than a single connected component and we prove that for color classes of size 3 the graph automorphism problem is contained in SL.