Usability evaluation of augmented reality systems
Intelligent Decision Technologies - Special issue on Multimedia/Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction in Knowledge-based Environments
Augmented reality interaction for semiautomatic volume classification
EGVE'05 Proceedings of the 11th Eurographics conference on Virtual Environments
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Computer-aided surgery (CAS), the intraoperative applicationof biomedical visualization techniques, appearsto be one of the most promising fields of application foraugmented reality (AR), the display of additional computergenerated graphics over a real-world scene. Typically a devicesuch as a head-mounted display (HMD) is used for AR.However, considerable technical problems connected withAR have limited the intraoperative application of HMDs upto now. One of the difficulties in using HMDs is the requirementfor a common optical focal plane for both thereal-world scene and the computer generated image, andacceptance of the HMD by the user in a surgical environment.In order to increase the clinical acceptance of AR, wehave adapted the Varioscope (Life Optics, Vienna), a miniature,cost-effective head-mounted operating microscope, forAR. In this work, we present the basic design of the modifiedHMD, and the method and results of an extensive laboratorystudy for photogrammetric calibration of the Varioscope'scomputer displays to a real-world scene. In a seriesof sixteen calibrations with varying zoom factors andobject distances, mean calibration error was found to be1.24 \pm 0.38 pixels or 0.12 \pm 0.05 mm for a 640 \times 480 display.Maximum error accounted for 3.33 \pm 1.04 pixels or0.33 \pm 0.12 mm. The location of a position measurementprobe of an optical tracking system was transformed to thedisplay with an error of less than 1 mm in the real world in56% of all cases. For the remaining cases, error was below2 mm. We conclude that the accuracy achieved in our experimentsis sufficient for a wide range of CAS applications.