The Method of Normalization to Determine Invariants
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
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The determination of invariant characteristics is an important problem in pattern recognition. Many invariants are known: Hu''s moment invariants are invariant to shifts, to changes of scale, and to rotations [Hu 1962]; Burkhardt''s Fourier descriptors to shifts, to changes of scale and to rotations [Burkhardt 1979]; Arbter''s Fourier descriptors to affine transformations [Arbter 1990]; Wang''s invariant moments to affine transformations [Wang 1977]; the two well-known 5-points invariants to projective transformations [Mundy and Zissermann 1992], etc. This paper shows that all these results, which were obtained independently and by different methods, derive from a common basic principle that allows the determination of new invariants as well.