TCP/IP illustrated (vol. 1): the protocols
TCP/IP illustrated (vol. 1): the protocols
The case for persistent-connection HTTP
SIGCOMM '95 Proceedings of the conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Removal policies in network caches for World-Wide Web documents
Conference proceedings on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Potential benefits of delta encoding and data compression for HTTP
SIGCOMM '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '97 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Improving end-to-end performance of the Web using server volumes and proxy filters
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '98 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Piggyback server invalidation for proxy cache coherency
WWW7 Proceedings of the seventh international conference on World Wide Web 7
Key differences between HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1
WWW '99 Proceedings of the eighth international conference on World Wide Web
Analyzing factors that influence end-to-end Web performance
Proceedings of the 9th international World Wide Web conference on Computer networks : the international journal of computer and telecommunications netowrking
N for the price of 1: bundling web objects for more efficient content delivery
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on World Wide Web
A web server's view of the transport layer
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Preliminary measurements on the effect of server adaptation for web content delivery
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet measurment
PRO-COW: Protocol compliance on the web-a longitudinal study
USITS'01 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on USENIX Symposium on Internet Technologies and Systems - Volume 3
Piggybacking related domain names to improve DNS performance
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Semantic prefetching objects of slower web site pages
Journal of Systems and Software
HTTP-MPLEX: An enhanced hypertext transfer protocol and its performance evaluation
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
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The protocols used by the majority of Web transactions are HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1. HTTP/1.0 is typically used with multiple concurrent connections between client and server during the process of Web page retrieval. This approach is inefficient because of the overhead of setting up and tearing down many TCP connections and because of the load imposed on servers and routers. HTTP/1.1 attempts to solve these problems through the use of persistent connections and pipelined requests, but there is inconsistent support for persistent connections, particularly with pipelining, from Web servers, user agents, and intermediaries. In addition, the use of persistent connections in HTTP/1.1 creates the problem of non-deterministic connection duration. Web browsers continue to open multiple concurrent TCP connections to the same server. This paper examines the idea of packaging the set of objects embedded on a Web page into a single bundle object for retrieval by clients. Based on measurements from popular Web sites and an implementation of the bundle mechanism, we show that if embedded objects on a Web page are delivered to clients as a single bundle, the response time experienced by clients is better than that provided by currently deployed mechanisms. Our results indicate that the use of bundles provides shorter overall download times and reduced average object delays as compared to HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1. This approach also reduces the load on the network and servers, Implementation of the mechanism requires no changes to the HTTP protocol.