Conceptual structures: information processing in mind and machine
Conceptual structures: information processing in mind and machine
AI Magazine
Commitment-Based Software Development
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
On the non-existence of knowledge level models
ECAI '92 Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Artificial intelligence
(ML)2: a formal language for KADS models of expertise
Knowledge Acquisition - Special issue on the KADS approach to knowledge engineering
Issues in knowledge level modelling
Second generation expert systems
The componential framework and its role in reusability
Second generation expert systems
A translation approach to portable ontology specifications
Knowledge Acquisition - Special issue: Current issues in knowledge modeling
Artificial intelligence: a modern approach
Artificial intelligence: a modern approach
Mapping domains to methods in support of reuse
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Top-level ontological categories
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: the role of formal ontology in the information technology
Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: the role of formal ontology in the information technology
Using explicit ontologies in KBS development
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Understanding, building and using ontologies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Common KADS Library for Expertise Modelling
Common KADS Library for Expertise Modelling
Knowledge-Level in Expert Systems: Conversations and Commentary
Knowledge-Level in Expert Systems: Conversations and Commentary
Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project
Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project
Modeling Domain Knowledge Using Explicit Conceptualization
IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems and Their Applications
The Knowledge Level Reinterpreted: Modeling How Systems Interact
Machine Learning
CML: The CommonKADS Conceptual Modelling Language
EKAW '94 Proceedings of the 8th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop on A Future for Knowledge Acquisition
Assumptions of Problem-Solving Methods
EKAW '96 Proceedings of the 9th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop on Advances in Knowledge Acquisition
Problem-Solving Methods: Making Assumptions for Effeciency Reasons
EKAW '96 Proceedings of the 9th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop on Advances in Knowledge Acquisition
The Knowledge Engineering Review
Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information
An ontological approach to domain engineering
SEKE '02 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Software engineering and knowledge engineering
Use of Formal Ontologies to Support Error Checking in Specifications
EKAW '99 Proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management
Acquiring and Structuring Web Content with Knowledge Level Models
EKAW '99 Proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management
Revisiting Ontology Design: A Methodology Based on Corpus Analysis
EKAW '00 Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management
A Framework for Multi-Agent Belief Revision, Part I: The Role of Ontology
AI '99 Proceedings of the 12th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence
Meta-knowledge in systems design: panacea … or undelivered promise?
The Knowledge Engineering Review
Roots of SPAR — Shared Planning and Activity Representation
The Knowledge Engineering Review
Learning Object Models from Semistructured Web Documents
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Journal of Information Science
Knowledge acquisition for knowledge-based engineering systems
International Journal of Information Technology and Management
A semantic repository approach to improve the government to business relationship
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Improving web-query processing through semantic knowledge
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Semantic Web-based geospatial knowledge transformation
Computers & Geosciences
Limitation and Possibilities of Automation on the Way from Intention → Program
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques: Proceedings of the fourth SoMeT_W05
How to Create the Magic Wand?Currently Implementable Formulation of the Problem
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques: Proceedings of the fifth SoMeT_06
Multi-Agent System Process Control Ontology
KES-AMSTA '09 Proceedings of the Third KES International Symposium on Agent and Multi-Agent Systems: Technologies and Applications
ICWL '009 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Web Based Learning
Alignment of Business Enterprise Architectures using fact-based ontologies
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Research on domain ontology construction in military intelligence
IITA'09 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Intelligent information technology application
Magic Wand Approach to Representation of Personal Technologies
Proceedings of the 2010 conference on New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques: Proceedings of the 9th SoMeT_10
Developing ontology-driven conceptual data models
Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Intelligent Semantic Web-Services and Applications
Flexible concept-based argumentation in dynamic scenes
KI'10 Proceedings of the 33rd annual German conference on Advances in artificial intelligence
Knowledge level modeling for systemic risk management in financial institutions
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Formalizing ontology-based hierarchical modeling process of physical world
AICI'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Artificial intelligence and computational intelligence: Part I
Ontological functional modeling of technology for reusability
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Ontology for software metrics and indicators
Journal of Web Engineering
How can ontologies contribute to software development?
KONT'07/KPP'07 Proceedings of the First international conference on Knowledge processing and data analysis
A method for pruning ontologies in the development of conceptual schemas of information systems
Journal on Data Semantics V
Using semantic knowledge to improve web query processing
NLDB'06 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems
A repository of services for the government to businesses relationship
NGITS'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Next Generation Information Technologies and Systems
An ontological approach to infer student's emotions
ICHL'09 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Hybrid Learning and Education
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
The socio-organizational age of artificial intelligence in medicine
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Ontologies versus relational databases: are they so different? A comparison
Artificial Intelligence Review
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We address the problem of highly varied and inconsistent usage of terms by the knowledge technology community in the area of knowledge-level modelling. It is arguably difficult or impossible for any standard set of terms and definitions to be agreed on. However, de facto standard usage is already emerging within and across certain segments of the community. This is very difficult to see, however, especially for newcomers to the field. It is the goal of this paper to identify and reflect the most common usage of terms as currently found in the literature. To this end, we introduce and define the concept of a knowledge level model, comparing how the term is used today with Newell's original usage. We distinguish two major types of knowledge level model: ontologies and problem solving models. We describe what an ontology is, what they may be used for and how they are represented. We distinguish various kinds of ontologies and define a number of additional related concepts. We describe what is meant by a problem solving model, what they are used for, and attempt to clarify some terminological confusion that exists in the literature. We define what is meant by the term ‘problem’, and some common notions used to characterise and represent problems. We introduce and describe the ideas of tasks, problem solving methods and a variety of other important related concepts.