The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Boundary recognition in sensor networks by topological methods
Proceedings of the 12th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Energy-efficient medium access control protocols for wireless sensor networks
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing
Proceedings of the 2008 Ambi-Sys workshop on Software Organisation and MonIToring of Ambient Systems
An in-network reduction algorithm for real-time wireless sensor network applications
Proceedings of the 4th ACM workshop on Wireless multimedia networking and performance modeling
Segmenting a sensor field: Algorithms and applications in network design
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
TDM MAC protocol design and implementation for wireless mesh networks
CoNEXT '08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM CoNEXT Conference
Connectivity-based localization of large-scale sensor networks with complex shape
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Packet transmission scheduling algorithm for dense wireless sensor networks with mobile sink
GLOBECOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE conference on Global telecommunications
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking - Special issue on radar and sonar sensor networks
Honeybees: combining replication and evasion for mitigating base-station jamming in sensor networks
IPDPS'06 Proceedings of the 20th international conference on Parallel and distributed processing
Efficient tracking of 2D objects with spatiotemporal properties in wireless sensor networks
Distributed and Parallel Databases
Automatica (Journal of IFAC)
Y-Threads: supporting concurrency in wireless sensor networks
DCOSS'06 Proceedings of the Second IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Reliable time synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks
EUC'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing
AdaSynch: A General Adaptive Clock Synchronization Scheme Based on Kalman Filter for WSNs
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
On the scalability of routing integrated time synchronization
EWSN'06 Proceedings of the Third European conference on Wireless Sensor Networks
Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing & Multimedia
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Recent advances in miniaturization and low-cost, low-power design have led to active research in large-scale networks of small, wireless, low-power sensors and actuators. Time synchronization is a critical piece of infrastructure in any distributed system, but wireless sensor networks make particularly extensive use of synchronized time. Almost any form of sensor data fusion or coordinated actuation requires synchronized physical time for reasoning about events in the physical world. However, while the clock accuracy and precision requirements are often stricter in sensor networks than in traditional distributed systems, energy and channel constraints limit the resources available to meet these goals. New approaches to time synchronization can better support the broad range of application requirements seen in sensor networks, while meeting the unique resource constraints found in such systems. We first describe the design principles we have found useful in this problem space: tiered and multi-modal architectures are a better fit than a single solution forced to solve all problems; tunable methods allow synchronization to be more finely tailored to problem at hand; peer-to-peer synchronization eliminates the problems associated with maintaining a global timescale. We propose a new service model for time synchronization that provides a much more natural expression of these techniques: explicit timestamp conversions . We describe the implementation and characterization of several synchronization methods that exemplify our design principles. Reference-Broadcast Synchronization achieves high precision at low energy cost by leveraging the broadcast property inherent to wireless communication. A novel multi-hop algorithm allows RBS timescales to be federated across broadcast domains. Post-Facto Synchronization can make systems significantly more efficient by relaxing the traditional constraint that clocks must be kept in continuous synchrony. Finally, we describe our experience in applying our new methods to the implementation of a number of research and commercial sensor network applications.