Video conferencing as a technology to support group work: a review of its failures
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We argue that the reason videonconferencing has not become widely used despite being available for decades is that it provides a person space, whereas participants would often more usefully share a task space. That is, a graphical space where they they can view and manipulate the same visual representations. We have created a system called the Escritoire that has a large horizontal display and allows collaborating participants to share the contents of a full-sized desk with sheets of virtual paper. Participants found an audio channel and desk interaction much more useful than a video channel in a task involving a large amount of information, and they were aided by facilities for gesturing in the graphical space.