Bayesian approaches to failure prediction for disk drives
ICML '01 Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Double parity sparing for performance improvement in disk arrays
ICPADS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Remembrance of Data Passed: A Study of Disk Sanitization Practices
IEEE Security and Privacy
More Than an Interface---SCSI vs. ATA
FAST '03 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Proceedings of the twentieth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Improving file system reliability with I/O shepherding
Proceedings of twenty-first ACM SIGOPS symposium on Operating systems principles
The effects of metadata corruption on nfs
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Storage security and survivability
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Performance evaluation of redundant array of inexpensive disks
ACOS'06 Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS international conference on Applied computer science
Towards reliable storage systems
Towards reliable storage systems
An update-aware storage system for low-locality update-intensive workloads
ASPLOS XVII Proceedings of the seventeenth international conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
Eco-Storage: A Hybrid Storage System with Energy-Efficient Informed Prefetching
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
HARDFS: hardening HDFS with selective and lightweight versioning
FAST'13 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
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Information storage reliability and security is addressed by using personal computer disk drives in enterprise-class nearline and archival storage systems. The low cost of these serial ATA (SATA) PC drives is a tradeoff against drive reliability design and demonstration test levels, which are higher in the more expensive SCSI and Fibre Channel drives. This article discusses the tradeoff between SATA which has the advantage that fewer higher capacity drives are needed for a given system storage capacity, which further reduces cost and allows higher drive failure rates, and the use of additional storage system redundancy and drive failure prediction to maintain system data integrity using less reliable drives. RAID stripe failure probability is calculated using typical ATA and SCSI drive failure rates, for single and double parity data reconstruction failure, and failure due to drive unrecoverable block errors. Reliability improvement from drive failure prediction is also calculated, and can be significant. Today's SATA drive specifications for unrecoverable block errors appear to allow stripe reconstruction failure, and additional in-drive parity blocks are suggested as a solution. The possibility of using low cost disks data for backup and archiving is discussed, replacing higher cost magnetic tape. This requires significantly better RAID stripe failure probability, and suitable drive technology alternatives are discussed. The failure rate of nonoperating drives is estimated using failure analysis results from ≈4000 drives. Nonoperating RAID stripe failure rates are thereby estimated. User data security needs to be assured in addition to reliability, and to extend past the point where physical control of drives is lost, such as when drives are removed from systems for data vaulting, repair, sale, or discard. Today, over a third of resold drives contain unerased user data. Security is proposed via the existing SATA drive secure-erase command, or via the existing SATA drive password commands, or by data encryption. Finally, backup and archival disc storage is compared to magnetic tape, a technology with a proven reliability record over the full half-century of digital data storage. In contrast, tape archives are not vulnerable to tape transport failure modes. Only failure modes in the archived tapes and reels will make data unrecoverable.