CHI'90 workshop on multimedia and multimodal interface design
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
Reading and writing mathematics: the MAVIS project
Assets '98 Proceedings of the third international ACM conference on Assistive technologies
Communicating graphical information to blind users using music: the role of context
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Siren songs and swan songs debugging with music
Communications of the ACM - A game experience in every application
A principled methodology for the specification and design of nonvisual widgets
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
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Throughout the history of human-computer interface developmentone aspect has remained constant: output from computers has beenalmost entirely visual. A continued and increasing reliance onvisual communication has had a disadvantageous effect on users whohave visual disabilities. A visual interface is of no use to a userwho is completely blind: communication must use one of the othersenses, and hearing is an obvious candidate.A number of human-computer interfaces have been developed andadapted into an auditory form based on the use of synthetic speech.However, for modern interfaces which use more complex displays,synthetic speech is not sufficient. One attempt to adapt such amouse-based interface into an auditory form based on musical tonesand synthetic speech is described. This project involved thedevelopment of a word processor called Soundtrack with an auditoryinterface. Evaluation of this application suggests that theapproach is viable, but that it was difficult to use, and there aresignificant research questions still to be addressed.