Machine translation in the U.S.S.R.
Computers and the Humanities
Machine Translation: its history, current status, and future prospects
ACL '84 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics
Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics
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The field of machine translation has recently entered a new, third period in its evolution. In its early period, for roughly fifteen years from 1950 MT was an expanding field of study in which both research and development efforts were undertaken. It is well-known and well documented (Bar Hillel, 1960; ALPAC, 1966) that this early MT paradigm could not and did not produce fully automated high quality translation systems. In fact, the practical results were quite negligible for such a high-scale effort. This period also witnessed an engineering-oriented trend which considered MT primarily an engineering problem. In the positive sense, it helped promote the idea of nonnumerical computation. As another consequence, the engineering, nontheoretical attitude to MT has been inherited by the next period in MT history. A more significant and lasting influence was exerted by the less "practical" aspect of early MT research: it helped achieve advances in theoretical and computational linguistics as well as artificial intelligence.