Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Experimental approaches to wireless network design and analysis
Joint routing and flow rate optimization in multi-rate ad hoc networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
A geographic routing protocol utilizing link lifetime and power control for mobile ad hoc networks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Foundations of wireless ad hoc and sensor networking and computing
An empirical comparison of throughput-maximizing wireless mesh routing protocols
Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Wireless Internet
Scalability and performance evaluation of hierarchical hybrid wireless networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Loop-free link stability metrics for proactive routing in wireless ad hoc networks
ICC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Communications
Cross-layer routing metrics for mesh networks: Current status and research directions
Computer Communications
Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing
Mixing greedy and predictive approaches to improve geographic routing for VANET
Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing
The Journal of Supercomputing
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Ad-hoc wireless networks with multi-rate radios (such as 802.11a, b, g) require a new class of MAC/PHY aware metrics that take into account factors such as physical-layer link speed and MAC-layer channel congestion. Conventional "layer 3" ad-hoc routing algorithms typically make routing decisions based on the minimum hop-count (MH). Use of the MH metric leads to selection of paths with few hops but one or more of these hops may turn out to be low-speed radio links due to adaptive rate selection at the physical layer. In this paper, we investigate a new cross-layer routing metric that takes into account both physical layer link speed as well as estimated channel congestion, thus aiming to minimize end-to-end delay that includes both transmission and access times. The proposed "PARMA" routing metric will thus help spread the traffic across the "good links and nodes" in the network, increasing network capacity and reducing packet loss and delay. This paper presents the design and implementation of the proposed PARMA metric for proactive ad-hoc routing protocols such as DSDV. DSDV modifications for incorporating the MAC/PHY aware metric into an ns-2 simulation model are given. Simulation results for typical multi-rate 802.11 ad-hoc network scenarios show that the proposed cross-layer PHY/MAC aware metric achieves significantly higher network throughput and decreases network congestion by selecting paths with high bit-rate links while also avoiding areas of MAC congestion.